The effects of reward systems in prison: a systematic review

Criminal Justice: Legitimacy, accountability, and effectivit

The CLEF 2005 Cross-Language Image Retrieval Track.

This paper outlines efforts from the 2005 CLEF cross– language image retrieval campaign (ImageCLEF). Aim of the CLEF track is to explore the use of both text and content–based retrieval methods for cross–language image retrieval. Four tasks were offered in ImageCLEF: ad–hoc retrieval from an historic photographic collection, ad–hoc retrieval from a medical collection, an automatic image annotation task, and a user–centered (interactive) evaluation task. 24 research groups from a variety of backgrounds and nationalities (14 countries) participated in ImageCLEF. This paper presents the ImageCLEF tasks, submissions from participating groups and a summary of the main findings

Validation of ACE-FTS version 3.5 NOy species profiles using correlative satellite measurements

The ACE-FTS (Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment – Fourier Transform Spectrometer) instrument on the Canadian SCISAT satellite, which has been in operation for over 12 years, has the capability of deriving stratospheric profiles of many of the NO$_{γ}$ (N+ NO+ NO$_{2}$+ NO$_{3}$+ 2×N$_{2}$O$_{5}$+HNO$_{3}$+HNO$_{4}$+ClONO$_{2}$+BrONO$_{2}$) species. Version 2.2 of ACE-FTS NO, NO$_{2}$, HNO$_{3}$, N$_{2}$O$_{5}$, and ClONO$_{2}$ has previously been validated, and this study compares the most recent version (v3.5) of these five ACE-FTS products to spatially and temporally coincident measurements from other satellite instruments – GOMOS, HALOE, MAESTRO, MIPAS, MLS, OSIRIS, POAM III, SAGE III, SCIAMACHY, SMILES, and SMR. For each ACE-FTS measurement, a photochemical box model was used to simulate the diurnal variations of the NO$_{γ}$ species and the ACE-FTS measurements were scaled to the local times of the coincident measurements. The comparisons for all five species show good agreement with correlative satellite measurements. For NO in the altitude range of 25–50 km, ACE-FTS typically agrees with correlative data to within -10 %. Instrumentaveraged mean relative differences are approximately 10% at 30–40 km for NO$_{2}$, within ±7% at 8–30 km for HNO$_{3}$, better than -7% at 21–34 km for local morning N$_{2}$O$_{5}$, and better than -8% at 21–34 km for ClONO$_{2}$. Where possible, the variations in the mean differences due to changes in the comparison local time and latitude are also discussed

Doing synthetic biology with photosynthetic microorganisms

The use of photosynthetic microbes as synthetic biology hosts for the sustainable production of commodity chemicals and even fuels has received increasing attention over the last decade. The number of studies published, tools implemented, and resources made available for microalgae have increased beyond expectations during the last few years. However, the tools available for genetic engineering in these organisms still lag those available for the more commonly used heterotrophic host organisms. In this mini-review, we provide an overview of the photosynthetic microbes most commonly used in synthetic biology studies, namely cyanobacteria, chlorophytes, eustigmatophytes and diatoms. We provide basic information on the techniques and tools available for each model group of organisms, we outline the state-of-the-art, and we list the synthetic biology tools that have been successfully used. We specifically focus on the latest CRISPR developments, as we believe that precision editing and advanced genetic engineering tools will be pivotal to the advancement of the field. Finally, we discuss the relative strengths and weaknesses of each group of organisms and examine the challenges that need to be overcome to achieve their synthetic biology potential.Peer reviewe